Chapter 12 summary

In chapter 12, we learn about the worlds of the 15th and 16th centuries, which include the invasion and beginning of the Americas with Christopher Columbus. In other parts of the world, we have the founding of the Safavid Empire in Persia and the founding of The Mughal Empire in India, the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia, a Civil war among Japanese warlords, the Rise of  the Hindu state of Vijayanagara in southern India, the European renaissance, and flourishing African states of Ethiopia, Kongo, Benin, Zimbabwe. just before that, in the 13th century, the Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica, and the rise of the Ming dynasty in China. This is a period where humanity is still learning how to maintain a steady and long lasting civilization or empire.

chapter 10 summary

The beginning of the third wave civilizations had brought christianity to become widely present throughout the world. Asia and Africa experienced a change from Christianity to Islam with the increasingly powerful Arab Empire. Christianity, however, still remained present with a small band of followers. Syria and Persia had concentrated populations of Christians that accommodated policies that generally prevailed. Christians depended on the attitudes of local Muslim rulers. Churches were burned to the ground, villages plundered, fields burned and christians forced to wear distinctive clothing. Nestorian Christian communities of Syria, Iraq, and Persia, sometimes called the Church of the East, survived the assault of Islam, but they did so as shrinking communities of second-class subjects regulated minorities forbidden from propagating their message to Muslims. Christianity as a religion was jeopardized by different religions. Christianity eventually became most known through out Europe and America. A lot of the world at the time of the Byzantine empire was being conquered and divided; these conquering civilizations brought their religion with them. Religion was a way for people to be categorized and grew equality a part from neighboring civilizations. Religion helped established rules and regulations, which would make empires more stabilizing. At this time, there were other religions besides christianity or islam that people could turn to in hopes of bettering their lives. The tenth century was a time where The Holy Roman Empire had christianity or Catholicism and The Byzantine Empire brought Eastern Orthodox Christianity, while the Arab Empire had Islam. Despite their vast differences in culture and religion,this isn't to say that these empires didn't globalize, because they did. Each empire brought technological inventions that were used in other empires. Empires traded with each other goods and services.