Chapter 12 summary

In chapter 12, we learn about the worlds of the 15th and 16th centuries, which include the invasion and beginning of the Americas with Christopher Columbus. In other parts of the world, we have the founding of the Safavid Empire in Persia and the founding of The Mughal Empire in India, the spread of Islam in Southeast Asia, a Civil war among Japanese warlords, the Rise of  the Hindu state of Vijayanagara in southern India, the European renaissance, and flourishing African states of Ethiopia, Kongo, Benin, Zimbabwe. just before that, in the 13th century, the Aztec Empire in Mesoamerica, and the rise of the Ming dynasty in China. This is a period where humanity is still learning how to maintain a steady and long lasting civilization or empire.